How does the author, Jack London, portray the theme of survival in the novel?

The portrayal of survival in "The Call of the Wild" is primarily manifested through Buck's journey as he learns to adapt to the harsh realities of nature. From the beginning of the novel, Buck is thrust into an unforgiving environment where he must rely on his instincts and learn to fend for himself. His transformation from a domesticated pet to a strong, self-sufficient creature exemplifies the core theme of survival.

As Buck faces various challenges—such as harsh weather, competition for resources, and encounters with other dogs—he learns vital lessons about strength, cunning, and resilience. This process of adaptation highlights how essential it is for him to connect with his primal instincts and understand the laws of nature. Through Buck's experiences, London illustrates that survival often requires a return to one's fundamental nature, making it a central theme of the narrative.

The other choices, while they may contain elements relevant to the story, do not focus on survival to the same extent. The relationships between characters and societal structures are important but primarily serve to provide context for Buck's struggle rather than directly highlighting the theme of survival itself. Similarly, the comforts of city life are juxtaposed with the wilderness but are not the focal point of survival as it entails the challenges Buck faces